基于城市微气候模拟软件的城市道路绿化带对PM2.5消减作用的研究

随着经济的快速发展及机动车保有量的持续增长，车辆造成的道路污染问题日益严重。广州作为中国重要的经济发展城市，交通源排放问题高度集中，机动车排放是城市PM2.5的主要来源之一，开展减缓城市道路污染危害的研究具有重要意义。本研究为调查绿化带对广州城市道路PM2.5的影响，运用实测与城市微气候模拟软件（ENVI-met）模拟结合的研究方法，实测并分析城市道路空间PM2.5的浓度分布及其影响因素，使用实测数据对模拟软件进行验证分析，模拟研究理想道路模型下不同高宽比、风向等因素及绿化带植配类型对PM2.5的消减作用。研究表明：（1）城市道路空间PM2.5浓度分布受污染源、街道高宽比、风速风向、绿化带等综合影响，自然消减情况下，其主要受风速风向和高宽比双因素影响；（2）通常街道高宽比越大，越有利于道路空间PM2.5的扩散；（3）城市道路空间PM2.5自然沉降最小距离为12 m，0-12 m范围内应保持无障碍物的开敞环境，PM2.5消减的关键范围是12-24 m，此范围内可以利用生态手段沉降颗粒物；（4） PM2.5消减率受绿化带和风向的双控制，应根据主导风向选择绿化带植配方式。在主导风平行面和垂直迎风面绿化带对PM2.5有正消减效应，建议植配类型为"乔-乔+灌+草"；在主导风垂直背风面绿化带对PM2.5呈负消减效应，植配类型为"乔-灌"绿化带消减率接近于自然消减率，而植配类型为"乔-灌+草"和"乔-乔+灌+草"的绿化带加重了颗粒物在该区域的积聚。     

A QTL on chromosome 3q23 influences processing speed in humans

Processing speed is a psychological construct that refers to the speed with which an individual can perform any cognitive operation. Processing speed correlates strongly with general cognitive ability, declines sharply with age and is impaired across a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Thus, identifying genes that influence processing speed will likely improve understanding of the genetics of intelligence, biological aging and the etiologies of numerous disorders. Previous genetics studies of processing speed have relied on simple phenotypes (eg, mean reaction time) derived from single tasks. This strategy assumes, erroneously, that processing speed is a unitary construct. In the present study, we aimed to characterize the genetic architecture of processing speed by using a multidimensional model applied to a battery of cognitive tasks. Linkage and QTL‐specific association analyses were performed on the factors from this model. The randomly ascertained sample comprised 1291 Mexican‐American individuals from extended pedigrees. We found that performance on all three distinct processing‐speed factors (Psychomotor Speed; Sequencing and Shifting and Verbal Fluency) were moderately and significantly heritable. We identified a genome‐wide significant quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 3q23 for Psychomotor Speed (LOD = 4.83). Within this locus, we identified a plausible and interesting candidate gene for Psychomotor Speed (Z = 2.90, P = 1.86 × 10^?03).     

Range expansion of the small spruce bark beetle Ips amitinus: a newcomer in northern Europe

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Adverse wind conditions during northward Sahara crossings increase the in‐flight mortality of Black‐tailed Godwits

Long‐distance migratory flights are predicted to be associated with higher mortality rates when individuals encounter adverse weather conditions. However, directly connecting environmental conditions experienced in‐flight with the survival of migrants has proven difficult. We studied how the in‐flight mortality of 53 satellite‐tagged Black‐tailed Godwits (Limosa limosa limosa) during 132 crossings of the Sahara Desert, a major geographical barrier along their migration route between The Netherlands and sub‐Saharan Africa, is correlated with the experienced wind conditions and departure date during both southward and northward migration. We show that godwits experienced higher wind assistance during southward crossings, which seems to reflect local prevailing trade winds. Critically, we found that fatal northward crossings (15 deaths during 61 crossings) were associated with adverse wind conditions. Wind conditions during migration can thus directly influence vital rates. Changing wind conditions associated with global change may thus profoundly influence the costs of long‐distance migration in the future.     

Heat shock proteins: A dual carrier-adjuvant for an anti-drug vaccine against heroin

Heroin is a highly abused opioid that has reached epidemic status within the United States. Yet, existing therapies to treat addiction are inadequate and frequently result into rates of high recidivism. Vaccination against heroin offers a promising alternative therapeutic option but requires further development to enhance the vaccine’s performance. Hsp70 is a conserved protein with known immunomodulatory properties and is considered an excellent immunodominant antigen. Within an antidrug vaccine context, we envisioned Hsp70 as a potential dual carrier-adjuvant, wherein immunogenicity would be increased by co-localization of adjuvant and antigenic drug hapten. Recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Hsp70 was appended with heroin haptens and the resulting immunoconjugate granted anti-heroin antibody production and blunted heroin-induced antinociception. Moreover, Hsp70 as a carrier protein surpassed our benchmark Her-KLH cocktail through antibody-mediated blockade of 6-acetylmorphine, the main mediator of heroin’s psychoactivity. The work presents a new avenue for exploration in the use of hapten-Hsp70 conjugates to elicit anti-drug immune responses.     

Structural Characterization of Biomolecules through Atomistic Simulations Guided by DEER Measurements

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冻融作用对土壤理化性质及风水蚀影响研究进展

冻融侵蚀在我国分布范围广,是主要土壤侵蚀类型之一,而冻融作用与其他营力复合进行侵蚀的分布范围比单纯的冻融侵蚀更广,所造成的危害也更大.本文基于国内外已有研究成果,总结评述了冻融作用对土壤理化性质及风蚀和水蚀影响的相关研究进展.冻融条件下,土壤水分发生运移,结构被破坏,土壤孔隙度、容重、抗剪强度、团聚体稳定性和有机质等理化性质均发生变化,其变化趋势和幅度与土壤质地、冻融程度有关.冻融作用通过改变土壤理化性质,增加土壤可蚀性,从而影响土壤风蚀和水蚀发生及过程,导致侵蚀强度增大.目前,冻融研究以室内模拟为主,与野外实际冻融过程差异较大,且由于试验条件不同,得到的结论无法统一,甚至相反.因此,通过室内模拟与野外实测相结合,加强冻融条件下土壤侵蚀机理研究是下一步的重点,这对季节性冻融区解冻期侵蚀预报和防治具有重要意义.     

持续性军事职业活动对平衡能力的影响*

目的:评定持续性军事职业活动对平衡能力的影响及视觉系统在其中的作用,为精准军事运动训练提供依据。方法:54名健康男性受试者,年龄(20.28±3.72)岁;身高(173.21±5.67)cm;体重(64.29±5.12) kg,在36 h的时间内完成多项军事科目,记录全程运动负荷(随机抽取11人),军事活动结束后进行睁眼平衡能力测试(54人)和闭眼平衡能力测试(随机抽取27人)。结果:内部负荷,与安静状态相比,军事职业活动中的心率(HR)、运动后的过氧消耗(EPOC)和运动冲量(TRIMP)值均显著增加(P＜0.05);平衡能力,与睁眼安静值相比,军事职业活动后睁眼状态下整体、前后和左右方向的重心动摇距离和速度均显著增加(P＜0.05),而整体、前后和左右动摇面积,前后和左右方向的最大动摇径,以及运动椭圆面积无显著变化(P＞0.05);与闭眼安静值相比,军事活动后闭眼状态下平衡能力所有指标均显著增加(P＜0.05)。结果表明视觉可控制持续性军事职业活动后人体重心动摇的幅度和面积。结论:长时间军事职业活动会损害人体的平衡能力,持续性的军事职业活动后,闭眼状态下平衡能力的破坏程度较睁眼状态大,表现为重心动摇幅度和范围的增加,表明视觉系统在控制姿态稳定方面起一定作用。     

基于“风感”的紧凑型城市开放空间风环境实测和CFD模拟比对研究

城市开放空间的风场不仅影响微环境的"风感"舒适度还影响宏观尺度的城市气候。从景感生态学的角度出发,首先阐述"风感"的定义,总结了街道峡谷空间风场的基本规律和特点。运用Kestrel NK4500手持气象站对城市开放空间的风环境进行实测,采用CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)模拟软件Fluent 14.0对不含绿地的同一空间进行风环境模拟,通过两者的数据比对来研究紧凑型城市开放空间内绿地对行人高度风场的实际干扰程度。结果发现,紧凑型城市开放空间的"风感"受建筑和绿地空间布局的共同影响。当建筑高于绿地时,风场受建筑的控制;当林带高于建筑时,林带对风环境的影响程度受其疏密度影响。疏密度较高的常绿林带对风向和风速影响很大,而疏密度较低的林带会影响风速,对风向影响不大。影响风速的主要因素是空间围合所形成的空气域,相比实体、多孔介质,空气域对风的阻力要小的多。如铺装、草坪上方的通风廊道是影响行人高度层通风、导风的关键因素。紧凑型空间内的绿地在行人高度应保持通畅以保证通风,并通过建立平面和竖向上的通风、导风廊道体系,促进空气循环。     

海南岛翼手目物种多样性现状与分布预测

海南岛位于我国南部, 地处热带北缘, 其独特的岛屿气候环境孕育了丰富的生物资源, 为我国生物多样性热点地区之一。为探究岛内的翼手目物种多样性状况, 本研究组使用雾网、蝙蝠竖琴网等工具, 于2002年至2016年先后对海南岛进行了15次翼手目多样性调查, 并根据其外形与头骨特征及系统发育学方法进行标本鉴定。共获取了1,025号标本, 隶属5科15属31种, 其中2016年12月21日在海南琼中捕获的艾氏管鼻蝠(Murina eleryi)为海南岛蝙蝠分布新记录。结合前人调查及发表结果统计, 岛内共有翼手类8科20属41种。同时基于本调查采集位点和前人调查位置信息(共计363个位点), 结合WorldClim 32种气候数据, 运用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)对海南岛翼手目物种的分布进行预测, 结果显示五指山、吊罗山、鹦哥岭、尖峰岭及海口火山口国家地质公园等地为翼手目物种多样性较丰富的区域, 而三亚、澄迈、屯昌、临高、琼海等地翼手目物种多样性较低。本研究结果为海南岛翼手目资源分布及多样性状况提供了基础资料, 也为岛内后续开展翼手目资源保护管理、蝙蝠疾病防控等提供了重要的参考依据。